Cannabinoids, discovered in the cannabis plant, work with our endocannabinoid system to produce effects like pain relief, mood shifts, and decreased inflammation. This article will discuss different types of cannabinoids, like THC and CBD, and their impact on the body.
Understanding Cannabinoids
Cannabinoids are a diverse group of chemical compounds that interact with cannabinoid receptors in the body and brain. These compounds can be derived from the cannabis plant, produced naturally within the body, or synthesized in laboratories. With over 200 cannabinoids identified in cannabis plants, these compounds have garnered significant interest for their potential therapeutic applications.
The cannabis sativa plant is a rich source of cannabinoids, with over 85 different types isolated to date. The two primary cannabinoids, THC and CBD, have been extensively studied for their psychoactive and therapeutic effects. However, cannabinoids first appear in their acidic forms, which must be decarboxylated to become active.
A comprehensive grasp of cannabinoids requires investigating three primary types: phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids. Each kind originates from unique sources and produces different effects, enriching the vast scope of cannabinoid research.
Phytocannabinoids
Phytocannabinoids, also known as plant cannabinoids, are naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant, especially in the flowers. The most well-known phytocannabinoids are THC and CBD, which are prominent in both temperate and tropical cannabis varieties. These compounds interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, producing various psychoactive and therapeutic effects.
THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, responsible for the ‘high’ associated with its use. In contrast, CBD is known for its non-psychoactive properties and potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsive effects. Another notable phytocannabinoid is THCV, which differs from THC by blocking the receptor instead of activating it, resulting in fewer psychoactive effects.
Some key differences between THC, CBD, and THCV are:
- THC is psychoactive, while CBD and THCV are not
- CBD has potential therapeutic benefits, while THC and THCV also have therapeutic properties but with different effects
- THCV has fewer psychoactive effects compared to THC
Understanding these differences can help you make informed decisions about cannabis use and its potential benefits.
Phytocannabinoids have garnered considerable attention in cannabis research, with the objective to fathom their workings and potential medicinal applications. As research progresses, the therapeutic possibilities associated with plant-derived cannabinoids continue to broaden, opening new avenues to treat diverse health conditions.
Endocannabinoids
Endocannabinoids are endogenous compounds produced naturally within the body, which are crucial in regulating physiological processes. Unlike phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids:
- are not stored in vesicles
- exist as integral components of cell membranes
- act as intercellular ‘lipid messengers,’ facilitating communication between nerve cells.
The two main endocannabinoids identified are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Anandamide, often referred to as the ‘bliss molecule,’ has a pharmacology similar to THC and is found in nearly all animal tissues. 2-AG, on the other hand, acts as a full agonist to CB1 and CB2 receptors, impacting various physiological functions. The enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase regulates the breakdown of anandamide.
Endocannabinoids play a pivotal role in preserving body balance or homeostasis. They affect functions such as:
- Mood
- Memory
- Appetite
- Pain perception
This underlines their crucial contribution to overall health and well-being.
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Lab-made synthetic cannabinoids mimic THC effects, not natural compounds. Marketed as a safe marijuana alternative, they pose unpredictable risks. Developed for medical and research uses, notable types are dronabinol, nabilone, and rimonabant for experimental therapeutics.
Cannabinoids are primarily synthesized to explore the relationship between their molecular structure and activity through systematic alterations. This research aids in comprehending the interaction between various cannabinoid compounds and the body’s receptors and their potential therapeutic merits. However, these types of synthetic compounds can be more potent than natural cannabis, leading to significant health risks.
Marketed under names like Spice and K2, these substances are not regulated by international drug treaties and can contain harmful substances. The adverse effects associated with synthetic cannabinoids have led to numerous poison control center contacts, highlighting the need for caution and regulation.
The Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical neurotransmitter system discovered through the study of cannabis compounds. It comprises a network of receptors and chemical signals that regulate various bodily functions, including the central nervous system, to maintain homeostasis. The ECS includes endogenous cannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG, which bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors.
Cannabinoids work by interacting with receptors in the body to help maintain balance. When activated by a cannabinoid, CB1 and CB2 receptors affect various physiological processes. Understanding the endocannabinoid system is crucial to grasp how cannabinoids impact health. The system’s intricate mechanisms highlight the potential use of cannabinoids in medical treatments.
CB1 and CB2 Receptors
CB1 and CB2 receptors are the two primary cannabinoid receptors identified in the ECS.
CB1 receptors are predominantly found in the:
- Brain
- Liver
- Thyroid
- Uterus
- Bones
- Testicular tissue
They significantly inhibit neurotransmitter release, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and affect various brain functions, including cognition, memory, and pain perception.
In contrast, CB2 receptors have the following functions:
- Located in the immune system and modulates inflammation and immune responses
- Expressed in bone tissue, regulating bone cell activities and bone health
- Mostly found in immune cells, the spleen, and the gastrointestinal system, highlighting their role in maintaining immune function.
The wide distribution and varied functions of CB1 and CB2 receptors highlight the multitude of effects cannabinoids can have on the human body. By interacting with these receptors, cannabinoids can influence various physiological processes, ranging from pain regulation to modulating immune responses.
Functions of the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system governs a multitude of physiological processes, including:
- appetite
- pain perception
- motor functions
- immune response
Besides that, it also has a broader regulatory role in various systems like the brain, blood vessels, metabolism, immune response, and reproductive functions, showing how crucial it is for overall health. Endocannabinoids such as anandamide and 2-AG play specific roles in these processes. For example, anandamide affects mood and memory, while 2-AG is linked to stimulating appetite and managing pain. These compounds work as retrograde messengers released by the receiving cell to regulate incoming synaptic signals.
Cannabinoids have also been effective in handling chronic pain, like neuropathic and cancer-related pain, by working with the ECS to:
- Reduce pain perception
- Decrease inflammation
- Improve sleep
- Alleviate anxiety and depression
Medical Uses of Cannabinoids
With a range of pharmacological properties, cannabinoids prove useful in treating several medical conditions. They show promise in therapeutic applications including but not limited to:
- chronic pain
- neurodegenerative diseases
- epilepsy
- multiple sclerosis
- nausea and vomiting
- anxiety and depression
- inflammation
- insomnia
Cannabinoids like THC and CBD play a key role in treatments by interacting with the endocannabinoid system to adjust physiological processes, easing symptoms and enhancing patient outcomes. Ongoing research explores their effectiveness in conditions like Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and PTSD, emphasizing their importance in modern medicine for managing chronic pain, nausea, and neurodegenerative diseases.
List of Cannabinoids
Here’s a short list of cannabinoids and strains that are typically associated with them:
1. THC (Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol)
- Effects: The most famous cannabinoid, THC, is known for its psychoactive effects that give the “high” feeling. It can also help relieve pain, reduce nausea, and stimulate appetite.
- Strains:
- OG Kush: A classic strain with a high THC content, providing a powerful euphoric effect.
- Sour Diesel: Known for its energizing and uplifting effects.
- Girl Scout Cookies: Offers a potent high with a balance of relaxation and euphoria.
2. CBD (Cannabidiol)
- Effects: CBD is renowned for its therapeutic benefits without causing a high. It’s used for anxiety relief, anti-inflammatory purposes, pain management, and seizure reduction.
- Strains:
- Charlotte’s Web: Famous for its high CBD content and low THC, making it ideal for medical use without a high.
- ACDC: Known for its extremely high CBD-to-THC ratio, it is great for pain and anxiety relief.
- Harlequin: Offers a balanced ratio of CBD to THC, providing mild psychoactive effects and significant therapeutic benefits.
3. CBG (Cannabigerol)
- Effects: Often called the “mother of all cannabinoids,” CBG is believed to have potential benefits for pain relief and antibacterial properties and may even promote bone growth.
- Fun Fact: CBG is the precursor from which other cannabinoids are synthesized, making it a critical part of the cannabinoid family.
- Strains:
- Jack Frost CBG: Specifically bred for high CBG content, known for its potential therapeutic effects.
- White CBG: Another strain cultivated for its high CBG levels, offering a non-psychoactive experience.
- Super Glue CBG: Combines high CBG with other cannabinoids for potential therapeutic uses.
4. CBC (Cannabichromene)
- Effects: CBC is thought to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anti-tumor properties. It might also support brain health by encouraging neurogenesis.
- Strains:
- Three Kings: Known for a diverse cannabinoid profile, including CBC.
- Maui Dream: Offers a variety of cannabinoids, including a notable amount of CBC.
- Charlotte’s Web: It also contains CBC, which adds to its therapeutic effects.
5. CBN (Cannabinol)
- Effects: Known for its sedative effects, CBN is often associated with improved sleep. It also has potential benefits for pain relief and stimulating appetite.
- Fun Fact: CBN is actually a byproduct of THC degradation, meaning older cannabis tends to have higher levels of CBN.
- Strains:
- Super Green Crack: Contains CBN along with an energizing high, known for its stimulating effects.
- Purple Cadillac: Offers relaxation and sedation, with CBN adding to its calming effects.
- Durban Poison: Known for its high THCV content and can develop CBN over time, especially in older buds.
6. THCV (Tetrahydrocannabivarin)
- Effects: THCV can have different effects at varying doses. At low doses, it may reduce THC’s psychoactive effects, but at higher doses, it might have psychoactive properties itself. It’s also being studied for its potential in appetite suppression and regulating blood sugar levels.
- Fun Fact: THCV is sometimes called the “diet weed” due to its potential appetite-suppressing qualities.
- Strains:
- Durban Poison: Famous for its high THCV content, offering an energizing and clear-headed high.
- Doug’s Varin: Specifically bred for high THCV levels, ideal for appetite suppression and stimulating effects.
- Pineapple Purps: Known for higher THCV content and a euphoric high.
7. CBDV (Cannabidivarin)
- Effects: Similar to CBD, CBDV is being researched for its potential in treating epilepsy and other neurological conditions.
- Fun Fact: CBDV is gaining attention for its potential benefits in neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder.
8. CBGV (Cannabigerovarin)
- Effects: This cannabinoid is thought to have potential antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Fun Fact: Like CBG, CBGV is a precursor to other cannabinoids, contributing to the plant’s chemical diversity.
Each of these cannabinoids has unique properties and potential benefits, making cannabis a truly versatile plant.
Cannabinoids in Different Forms
Cannabinoids can be consumed in various forms, each offering different onset times and durations of effects. These forms include:
- Smoking and Vaporizing: Smoking and vaporizing give quick effects, usually felt within minutes. Many users prefer this method for instant relief and easy dosing.
- Edibles and Tinctures: Edibles and tinctures take 30 minutes to 2 hours to kick in, with effects lasting several hours for sustained relief. Dosage control is tricky with edibles, causing experience variations. Still, they’re favored by those wanting lasting effects without smoking or vaping.
- Topical Applications: Topical creams and balms offer localized relief without causing psychoactive effects. Applied directly to the skin, they are commonly used for inflammation and pain. These products are preferred for their non-psychoactive properties, making them ideal for those seeking cannabinoid benefits without the high.
The choice of consumption method can significantly influence the experience and effectiveness of cannabinoids, making it essential to understand the pros and cons of each form.
Pharmaceutical or medicinal cannabinoids are available in various forms, including:
- Raw cannabis for vaporization
- Oils
- Liquids
- Oral sprays
- Gels for skin application
Knowing the various types of cannabinoids helps you choose how you consume and handle your conditions better.
Shop Flore Dispensary
With Flore, you can experience cannabinoids in various forms and strains. Our carefully stacked menu offers everything from traditional flower to oils, gummies, and even skincare products. Our goal is to provide a safe and convenient way for our customers to access cannabinoid benefits. So, get to browsing and discover the perfect way for you to experience these powerful compounds.
FAQ
What are cannabinoids?
Cannabinoids are chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant, particularly in Cannabis sativa. These compounds interact with cannabinoid receptors in the human body, primarily CB1 and CB2 receptors, to produce various effects. Cannabinoids can be natural, like those produced by the cannabis plant, or synthetic, created in labs. They play a crucial role in the endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate various physiological processes.
What is the difference between THC and CBD?
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) are two of the most prominent cannabinoids found in the cannabis sativa plant. THC is the primary psychoactive compound responsible for the “high” associated with cannabis use, while CBD does not produce psychoactive effects. Instead, CBD is known for its therapeutic benefits, such as pain relief and anxiety reduction, without causing intoxication.
How do cannabinoids help with pain relief?
Cannabinoids help relieve pain by interacting with the endocannabinoid system, particularly the CB1 and CB2 receptors. These receptors are involved in modulating pain perception and sensory neurotransmission. Cannabinoids like THC and CBD can reduce chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and cancer pain by influencing neurotransmitter release and reducing inflammation. The enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase also plays a role in breaking down endogenous cannabinoids that help modulate pain.
How can cannabinoids be consumed?
Cannabinoids can be consumed in various ways, including:
- Smoking or vaping: Inhaling the vapor from the cannabis plant or its extracts.
- Edibles: Consuming foods or drinks infused with cannabinoids.
- Tinctures: Using liquid extracts placed under the tongue.
- Topicals: Applying creams or balms infused with cannabinoids to the skin.
- Capsules: Swallowing pills that contain cannabinoids. Each method of consumption can affect how quickly and intensely the cannabinoids produce their effects.
What are the most prominent cannabinoids?
The most prominent cannabinoids include:
- THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): Known for its psychoactive effects.
- CBD (cannabidiol): Valued for its therapeutic benefits without intoxication.
- CBG (cannabigerol): Often called the “mother of all cannabinoids.”
- CBC (cannabichromene): Known for its potential anti-inflammatory and pain-relief properties.
- CBN (cannabinol): Associated with sedative effects and sleep aid. These cannabinoids, along with minor cannabinoids, contribute to the overall effects of cannabis strains.
What cannabinoids are safe?
Natural cannabinoids like CBD and THC, when used responsibly, are generally considered safe for most people. However, the safety of cannabinoids can depend on factors such as dosage, individual health conditions, and the presence of synthetic compounds. Synthetic cannabinoids can pose significant health risks and are often linked to adverse effects.
What do cannabinoids do to your body?
Cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system, affecting various functions in the human body. They can influence mood, pain perception, appetite, and sleep. By binding to CB1 receptors in the central nervous system and CB2 receptors in the peripheral nervous system, cannabinoids can modulate neurotransmitter release and alter physiological processes. The effects can vary based on the specific cannabinoid, dosage, and individual response.
What are the good effects of cannabinoids on the brain?
Cannabinoids can have several positive effects on the brain, including:
- Anxiolytic properties: Reducing anxiety and stress.
- Neuroprotective effects: Protecting brain cells from damage.
- Anti-inflammatory effects: Reducing brain inflammation.
- Pain relief: Modulating pain signals.
- Enhancing mood: Improving overall mood and well-being. These effects make cannabinoids a promising area of research for treating various mental health problems and neurodegenerative diseases.
How do cannabinoids affect the cardiovascular system?
The effects of cannabinoids on the cardiovascular system are complex and can vary. Some cannabinoids, like THC, can cause an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, which may pose risks for individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. Conversely, cannabinoids like CBD have been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory effects, which might benefit cardiovascular health. Ongoing cannabis research aims to better understand these effects and their implications for cannabis users.
